Ways+of+knowing

Knowing by way of our sense

= = =In what ways does the biological constitution of a living organism determine, influence or limit its perception? If humans are sensitive only to certain ranges of stimuli, what consequences, including positive attributes and limitations, might this have for the acquisition of knowledge? Provide examples. How does technology extend and modify the capabilities of the senses? = Living organism’s structure is the cell, where the cell can’t live in its own and if is that happened it will live for short period of time. Cell needs other sources to live. Each kind of constitution has its own ways of perception, which they are different between human and animals. Some animal have success in smell like dogs, sharks and snakes these animals are good with smell the objects and that help the m to live better life. For example: the sharks they can smell their food (other fish or human body) before miles. There are animals that use their ears (hearing) to survive. For example: mice. = Humans have five senses, but not all of the m are working well some of the senses are success, and some not really. = = Touching: is the sense, which work best in human body (I think) because this sense is not really exist in animal kingdom. For example people feel the object if it is smooth or rough, hot or cold. = = Vision: is a sense depends on the person if he has sharp vision or if he needs to wear glass, some people can see the planet in the sky and the really small stars. = = Hearing: is other sense, which depends on the person, there are people who can the low sounds but other not. = = Smelling: is a sense, which is not really works in human like the animals. For example the policemen are using the dog to find out the illegal things, because they are not able to do it themselves. = = Senses are very important to live, whether animal or humans. = = Technology is affect the sense for sure, as I said above human are not excellent in all their sense so they tried to design and produce advices by using the technology to help them in their life. For example: if we want to see the bacteria or other small thing we are going to use the microscopes, because we are not able to see these things by naked eyes. = = The glasses are a good tool to help who have low vision. = = =
 * Sense || Time when my sense were reliable || Time when my sense were "off" ||
 * Visual || Once my family and I was looking for my father in too crowded place and we could find him || Once when a sewing needle was on the floor and I couldn't see it then it came throw my foot ||
 * Olfactory || I can figure out who's these clothes by smell the clothes (with my family member clothes) || My mom cocked a fish and it's burn I was in school and when I came home I said ooo good smell what is today lunch ||
 * Touch || In guess what in the box game I have a chance to know what inside the box by the ability of my hand || I tried to take out the food from the oven and it was hot, so i burn my fingure ||
 * Auditory || My sister was coming from out side and I heard her before she arrive || I sleep deep sleeping and my sister start to wake me up but i couldn't hear her. ||
 * Taste || I help my mother by saying if is the dish taste good or not || I said about the dish it is good while it was without salt ||

= Perception = What are the primary ways in which we know the world around us? The five senses

**Are there stages to perception? **
Here are some recognized stages. Define them and find examples: -filtering: when you ignore something to focus with other. e.g:when in a dark night you are ignore the whole sky and focus in the star -halo and horn effect: thinking of the thing in positive ways, or think of the same thing in negative ways. for example: if I have my hand broken I can think in negative way by saying " I can't do every thing I can't write or work well", when I can think of positive way by saying " good I am going to practice writing with the other hand" -organizing: to have organized information that help you to understand. For example: the homework is in math, chapter 5, page 126, exercise no.4 -stereotyping: is to understand by repeating the work in same way by using your senses. for example: try a recipe for apple pie more than three times with same ingredients and method. -filling in information: is when you get more information by using your senses. For example: I can see the food to find out if I am able to eat it, smell it to check if it is still good. -interpretation: is to analyze the object or people feeling using our sense to get more informations. For example: my friend can't understand what I am saying immediately, I can say she did not get enough sleep last night.

**Perceptual Illusions**
Is your perception always accurate? Provide examples of when it is trustworthy, and when it might not be. The perception can be right or wrong, depends on how much your sense work or what is your situation today. For example: when we did the guess game in Mr.Tinnes room with the golf ball inside the box, we could figure out what inside it that mean our touching sense is working that day. Once when a sewing needle was on the floor and I couldn't see it then it came throw my foot Are people’s perceptions the same? How do you know this? Does this invalidate your or another person’s experience ? Perception completely different between people, few times people percept same thing. Some people have imagination more than others. For example: people can smell chocolate and think of chocolate only, but others can think of chocolate as a party or friend or other things. People have different ways of perception, some people understand more by looking to, hearing, feeling or smell things. That is why there are visual، audio or sensitive person. For example: I percept the sea as something people need to take risk to go to it, while my sister think about it as art. Why might misperceptions occur? Misperception occur depends on the person, how is his/her senses work, which kind of people s/he. Sometimes the feeling or the situation for person might effect the perception, when the person is sick, angry or worried s/he will think different than other time when s/he in good mood or relax. There are other things affect the perception: faith and senses. Remember, faith can be held about many things, parents, other people of authority, friends, science, a favorite poet, experiences and memories, as well as, religious ideas. Senses are not always right, sometime your eyes does not work well (optical lllusion), where you mix up things

The language that the information come to us with, sometimes the person who give you the information cancel some sentence or tell you with different way that you may understand the topic or the object.

**Selectivity of Perception **
How do we validate our perceptions? Do we ignore some and rely more heavily on others? Why? We can validate our perception by memory, background (culture, school) or trying. Sometime we are ignoring senses to understand things more, for example: if person blind he will use other senses to help him to communicate with the world. (As we watched in the class in youtube we saw the blind teacher who can use his hearing sense very well and he could hear the insect sound). We are using sense instead of sense depends on the thing that we want to know about. What things might affect how you interpret your perceptions? Is this selectivity conscious or unconscious? Seeing thing help to interpret things, because people usually believe thing if they see it, or if you trust the person who tell you the information (teacher, your parents). Sometimes it could be conscious and some not, that all happen for reason. The body have some ways to represent unconscious perception, for example: if something pass the eyes they are going to close because they think there is danger coming. When you touch hot oven or coffee cup your brain send sings to your hand to take it off. Conscious perception happen when you choose to think of thing in the way that you want to think. For example: if you think of the test or the food and say the food means good life and feeling. Can you provide reasons why people perceive things differently? Explain Each person has his/her own way to understand things, some are visual, audio or sensitive and each of them think of thing different. The visual person will think with picture, the audio will think of sound, and the sensitive one will think of feeling.

**Seeing and Believing**
What do you create from your perceptions?In this case, one could ask, what belief or models affect our perception? There are something affect our perception: religion, influence repetition, situation and motion. Religion: religion is the main thing that can affect the perception, because most people use their religion as a guide to their life. (I am one of them: I think when I believe of Islam that affect my vision of the things), if you believe in something that will make different with your thinking. For example: if I believe that killing children is a bad thing, that will affect my thinking of war. Influence: if other people tell you something and they start to make you agree with it by different ways, may they can change your perception. For example: if you look to a book and you start to discover the cover and you think it is a good book, then your friend or your teacher start to tell you it is a bad book, it is just wasting of time, there is no specific idea and the writer is not that much in writing. Then your perception will change from thinking it is a good book to a really bad book and may you think to throw it away. Sometimes religion has a big affect on the person perception as I said above, but some country or communities religion is thing depends on the person. Repetition: when you do something and you want to make sure of it, you are going to repeat test it until you get the right result, or to find the reason. That will affect your perception because if you was not sure about thing and you want to find out more you can repeat this thing to get a conclusion. For example: in sciences experiment you can try it many times until you get the result or the conclusion. Situation: if you are poor or rich, if you knowledgeable or not. For example: if you were poor your perception on the life will be it is a hard life, while if you rich and you can get whatever you want you will say life is amazing/ if you know about how things work and why they work your perception will be different than who don't know any thing about things. Emotion: is affect perception most the time, because if you were in good mood that will make you feel good about things which will change your think about things, but if you were angry or tired you will see the life as hell (too bad). Good explanations.

This leads to the question of if, or how are, the senses used in the different Areas of Knowing? Art: visual art :in this subject we are using our vision by comparing the colors, the shapes and the distance. technology: we are using touching, hearing and vision as we use the keys, look to the screen or hearing a movie or a song. Don't forget the things that help us like microscopes, cameras, as well as the access to so many ideas on the internet. Languages: we are using the hearing sense by recognize the sound level, vision in writing reading and speaking. touching is not important in language unless you are blind and you are using Braille language. Math: we are using vision and hearing to solve the problem or the equation. Sciences: in this area we are using all our senses by smell the chemicals, hear the sound that create after collision, some time taste in biology, touching to know if it is smooth or not and how that affect fraction and vision is the important sense in this subject because you can't figure out the data or the information without your eyes. Social studies: in this subject we are using the hearing sense and vision. There is other kind of perception which is called logical perception, that when you do something directly without any thinking. For example: if a fly across your eyes you are going to close it immediately, if you touch a hot cup or stove you will pick your hand as fast as possible. This perception depends on what you know before and what you think about things, for example: the stove example: you will pick your hand because you felt the heat but why? that is because you learned before that the stove is hot and when you touch something hot your hand will burn and you learned that when you feel a heat pick your hand to protect yourself.

Distinguishing Appearance from Reality How would you be able to confirm if your perceptions are representing what you are experiencing accurately? Explain this question is not easy, because I think perception is when you understand the thing or the person, and confirming perception depends on how you understand and want about this confirming. Sometimes you ca say I understand this thing. For example: understanding math equation. To confirm the perception you will see your self before understanding the thing and try to see if what you learned enough or not, what you know about the thing enough or not. Each one of us can measure confirming of the perception in a different way than others.

Reality
So if there is agreement that perceptions may not be perfect, then how do we get around them to perceive reality? Or, is this even possible? Reality is something that we need to find out about like the truth when we discussed it before, no one can say this is the real thing unless there is perception and understanding. We can use our senses to prove the reality, which they come under perception.

Some (very much oversimplified) Perspectives
Please note: terms like realism and idealism have different understandings when used in politics. Common Sense Realism - the world is there, it is as we perceive it. Skepticism - there is always some reason to doubt our beliefs about reality, or there is reason to think there is more to be told. Representative Realism - perception is a result of the inner representations I have created of the world. To see a bird is to experience the idea of the bird that I have learned and created in a representative form that my senses recreate. There are primary and secondary qualities to the experience; The primary can be agreed upon, the secondary are perceived differently or are dependent on "the user." Idealism - perception is the result of representations, but it goes further to state that we can never truly experience the things we see. Reality plays out as a movie in front of us. Things we experience are merely representations we have created through sense experience but there is no reason to believe the external world exists at all. Phenomenalism - similar to idealism but the phenomenon can exist as experiences even when they are not present. In idealism, when you put the guitar in the closet, you can no longer experience it, in phenomenology, you can still muster the representation and experience it through language (or other forms) even if it is not present. Causal Realism - the world creates our sense experiences. It is part of our biological nature to sense and it helps us map out the world in front of us. The more we learn about that experience, the better our understanding of the world we are in. Activity: Make written observations of a piece of art, or a scene, or some object for 5 minutes, then compare lists. What influences can be noticed in each other’s descriptions? What influences your perceptions? Are your statements about the object true? Homework: Write wiki entry on perceptions and truth: If you left the planet and had to explain to an alien what life was like on our planet, what would you say? What might be some of the problems associated with your perceptions? What things would you highlight, what would you not highlight and why? How would you explain that you knew your description was the truth? Provide examples.

**Emotions **
Please don't cry....

**The nature of emotions**
What is the underlying nature of our emotions? All living organisms around the world have emotion (animal, plant and human), but human is the only one who can use this emotion to percept things around his/her. Emotion is a way to know things around us and understand the world inside ourself or outside with the environment that we live in, which help us to communicate with others and with the world, that will make a good perception to things that we want to know more about. When you feel an emotion, how do you know you are feeling that way? Can you explain why you are having this emotion? If I have a bad emotion I can feel it by have heat in my body, movement of the heart, talk not useful talking and bother other people. But if I have a good emotion I can feel it because I am start doing good think like help my mother or clean my room, I start to say joke and talk too much with my friend or my sisters and I try to spread the good emotion by telling everyone you must be happy like me to feel the life. Describe the process by which you develop an emotion. In what ways do we describe emotions through language? Emotion is a nature of human, you need an environment that have emotion with people who understand each other, because that will help human to live with understanding of the life. Language can link to emotion, because everything that language has part in it has an emotion inside. For example: if we listen to music we can have different emotion (sad song = sad emotion, happy= happy, love=love ....etc) When we read a book, news paper or poems we can have an emotion, sometimes we can feel the author emotion in the writer. As we hear peoplr around us we can have an emotion. We can understand what happen around us by the language because language has some perception which link to emotion. Can you reason about emotions? Sometime you can use emotion as a reason, For example: if you are not like killing people and your motion is arguing that every day that cause heating wars. People are usually using there emotion, even if they did not think of that as a reason to judged. For example: yesterday student who couldn't do well in chemistry test they said the final exam will be too hard and we are going to fail. so they use their emotion to judge. What things influence your emotions? E motion can influence by the environment, background and believe. Environment: where you are living in must affect your emotion, for example: if you live in a war environment some people will have bad emotion when they think they are not able to survive. But other will feel good when they think in positive ways as they think they are going to learn a lot, when we live in this environment we are going to learn how to live with less resources and how to be patient and understandable person. Background: your emotion is influence by your background, because you are going to feel the thing by what you know before. What your parents toled you, what you learned at school and what you heard in the news and know by reading books. Believe: what you believe and your faith will cause you emotion, if you believe in love or in good life, your emotion will be stand on that faith and believe. Are controlling emotions a good or a bad thing? Explain with examples. Emotion is as everything in the world has positive and negative side, which mean you can control the emotion to employ it in a good way or bad one. Negative: Sometime you should control your emotion by stop it, because it will bring a lot of bad things. For example: if you were angry you will heat the life and the people around you and you may hurt yourself. ( some student after the final exams at the end of the school they start drifting and take out all their energy and emotion whether it is good or bad depends on the exam they just finish, but the result is they may kill child or hurt each other or guide their self to death). Positive: you can use the emotion to motivate yourself, or other people. For example: people who have a problem in their life ( in health, social or others) they can use the emotion to help themselves. As in the cancer hospitals the doctors and the nurses are helping people with cancer by motivate them and give them a help to think of life in positive way. Please keep up the good work. How do emotions change as you get older? Why does this happen? As you get older your emotion start to change, because you will have more and different thing to feel it and to understand it. For example: when you baby you will feel about your mother your brothers and sisters, and as you grow up a little you will feel about your cousins and students in school, in university you are going to think about the world about people every where about yourself and friends. As you get married you well feel the responsibility about your house, your children, include your self and everything that you had feeling with it in your life. Are emotions influenced by culture? Culture can influenced emotion, because what you know from your background and what you learn from your culture (parents, cultures books,..etc) has an affect on your motion. You will think about thing in ways that different than other person who is from other country who have different culture. For example: the weather is a good example, and it has two way:1) If country's weather is cold and snow most of the year, the people in that country will like cold time and they may not be able to live in hot country, and vice versa. 2) If people live in cold country and snow they like to try the hot weather, and vice versa. In Weather example we can see people like something or don't like it depending on their cultures which include weather. Sometime culture does not affect on people, because there may be two person who have same culture not have same emotion. We can explain that by may there is little different or may be one of these person has some other cultures affect on him.

**Emotions as obstacle **
Can emotions affect the way we understand something? Emotion has a big affect in understanding things, because it links to perception as I said before. You can understand much better when you believe in the thing and you trust you will understand it, and the opposite when you don't like the thing and you do not trust, which make you can't understand it ever. For example: when don't like a subject and you really heat it (emotion), you will not get it even if you worked hard at day and night. (some people can but it is really hard to do) Can emotions limit the reliability or even the validity of a knowledge claim? Provide examples. Yes emotions can limit the reliability of a knowledge claim, because emotion is not the perfect way to look at things and each on of us has different emotion which make emotion weak way to judge on thing. For example: if the manager was angry you better not go to him tell he calm down, because when he angry he can't control his emotion which may cause your expel from your work (judge). People always choose the best time to talk to each other, because they can affect in each other if they are in good mood Can emotional responses be misunderstood by others? How do you get around that? Yes, because each one of us has different emotion which means that each one see things from different direction, people have different understanding for things because each one has different background. Sometimes you set with your friends discussing a topic and in the end you figure out there are a lot of different ideas from different person (our class and school represent that). That may give us an advantages because you will be knowing more than before and you will start thinking of these differences and try to link the together.

**Emotions as source **
Can emotions be an important aspect of creating knowledge? Provide examples.

Yes, because as you start to like something and want to know more about it, you are going to search and try to learn more by different ways. For example: when the apple fall on Newton's head he employed an emotion when he wanted to know about the reason why the apple fell. Other example: some people like to solve problem and help people, that work should have an emotion because if you don't interest in that you will not success. What is emotional intelligence? Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand our feeling and others feelings, to motivate our selves and control our emotion with the relationship between us and people. Is there such a thing as Intuition? Would you rely on it as a reliable way of knowing? Provide examples. Emotion can be a way of knowing, and we can use it to know about our huge world, but emotion needs a help from other ways of knowing, such as: perception, reason and language. Because each one link to others. For example: if you heat wars, you are going to know more about the first war and how it start, what make world has war everyday...etc Can you classify emotions? What categories could you create? There are catagories for emotion: Negative: is the emotion that guide you to the problem and negative ways. Positive: is the emotion that guide you to the success and positive ways. What role does emotion play in some of the different areas of knowledge? Emotion play a big part in each subject: Art:-Visual: emotion is the main thing that an artiest need to create a paint or sculpture or other art work, because if the artiest feel the work s/he will do well and better than if they just copy it or do what other people say to them without thinking and mixing the emotion in the art. Artiest need to put emotion inside the work, because that will help who is seeing the work to feel and understand what the artiest want to tell people. -Technology: As you create a movies, songs and pictures you will need emotion, that will make the listener or watcher like the work more and live the work by an imagination they are making in their minds as they look to the work or listen to it. Languages: in poems, novels, writings and articles we can fin an emotion, because each author seeks to help the reader to feel the writing and want to read more for this author. Math and Sciences: I think these two subjects are logical more than emotional area, but that does not make us saying there is no emotion, because if there were not any one who interest in math or science there will be no math and sciences and we still in the dark not knowing anything about our body, plant, or motion...etc Humanities : in this are some people are interest in knowing the truth and they are really want to know the details about the war, social or human development. So they start to do researches and start to go to the country with wars or poor people or rich to compare between them and see the differences.

**Reason**
Are you always reasonable in your reasoning? What does that mean?

**The Nature of Reasoning**
What exactly is reasoning? Reasoning is the thought process to find out a reasons that cause an event, where we find these reasons to help us to understand that event. What does the process of reasoning entail? The process of reasoning entail logic following and understanding of the thing with some perception. Is there good and bad reasoning? As well as every thing around us, reasoning have the two side of knowing the good and the bad. The good reasoning is when percept on thing with good understanding and when be able to order your reason with reasonable way (make sense). The bad reasoning is the opposite of the good reasoning and that when you percept on thing with unsure understanding or messy one and when you be not able to order your reason for your understanding in good way which means the does not make any sense and we cant apply it to our life. Is there a history of reasoning? It is likely that humans have used reasoning to work out what they should believe or do for a very long time. However, some researchers have tried to determine when, in the history of human development, humans began using formal techniques of reasoning. There is the Babylonian, Indian, Chinese, Greek and Islamic reasoning.

**Types of Reasoning**
What are inductive and deductive processes of reasoning? What is informal reasoning?  @http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dedind.php Inductive reasoning works by moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Which means analyze experiences and find a general idea from that. Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. which means having a general idea and you analyze experience and see if the general idea is true or not. Informal reasoning is the general idea without experiences. It addresses the probability of truth of premisses and conclusions and it is common, every-day reasoning. Is reasoning done to produce knowledge about something specific, or something in general? How is this done? Provide examples of each. Reasoning can produce knowledge in specific and general. Specific: you can get knowledge in specific by look to experiences and compare the conclusion for each one and get the final idea, which mean that you have a prove for this reason. For example: what we did in the class: my group and me were working as a study group, but Osama and I don't do any thing over many days. Our specific reason is Osama and I don't do our homework during the year. General: you have a general idea, and then you look at experiences to find out if the idea is right or wrong. For example: in my group work: Fahad has an idea where who is wearing Hejab are knowing arabic, but then as he went to ask me I answered I am Muslim but I am from Malaysia. And when he went to Osama he answred that he is from Argentina. Finally Fahad went to Amay who is the only one who know arabic even if she is Philippino because she is studying arabic. What role does time play in judging the truth value of your reasoning, whether inductive or deductive? As you get older you will be having a lot of experiences that you came through, so then you can reason things and you will be able to see what will happen later. I think even not too old people who have a lot of traveling or got many jobs or did several services or actions in their life, can reason abut things. The main idea is as you have more experiences you will be able to reason about things. And as we grow up we are going to use more deductive reasoning because as I said experiences are important to reason about things. For example: my grandmother told us a lot of solution for any problem that we need to solve, because in her life may be she went through the same problem and even if she fall before she can solve the problem now because she learned what should people do when they have problem and what is the best way to that, because she has the ability for reasoning about things.

create one of each of the following syllogisms: -Two true premises, and a true conclusion No reptiles have fur Snakes are reptiles No snakes have fur - One true premise, one false premise, and a true conclusion All fruit is nutritious. Some tasty things are nutritious. All fruit is tasty. - One true premise, one false premise and a false conclusion - Two false premises and a true conclusio All apples in my garden are wholesome. All wholesome fruit is ripe. Some ripe fruit is in my garden. - Two false premises and a false conclusion All coloured flowers are scented. No scented flowers are grown indoors. No flowers grown indoors are colored. A=B A=C C=B

With your group, choose one category from this website @http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/toc.htm and explain it, provide examples.

** Inductive Fallacies **
- Is inferring from properties of a sample >> the properties of a population - Dependence on: similarity of the sample and the population (more similarity more reality and vice versa) - No inductive inference is perfect (even if the premises are true, the conclusion might be false) - Good inductive inference>> reason to believe that the conclusion is probably true. Fallacy of Exclusion - Evidence that would change the outcome of an inductive argument is excluded from consideration Here is some examples: [] []

How do you know if you are doing it correctly or not? When is it valid or invalid? When is it true or false? Does it always lead to truth? Create syllogisms and let's see - visit @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism for examples. (NOT YET) Are all types of reasoning reliable? How do you know this? Check these fallacies: let's find examples in your life of when they occur -@http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/toc.htm What is the relationship of reasoning to knowledge, the creation or discovery of knowledge, and ultimately, to truth? What is the difference between empiricism and rationalism? Which do you think explains reality with greater accuracy? Provide examples of each. Visit:@http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/ What sorts of things might influence reasoning? What is the relationship of the other WOKs to reasoning?  Possible Activity: Logic formulations – use Oxford text p. 68-72  Also do activity p. 73: find an editorial article and identify the premise and conclusion. Share and compare. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Truth requires an examination of content and meaning

inductive general to specific
Math and math club: we are doing more inductive in this subject as we use the formula that mathematician discovered before to solve problems. So the formula will be the general idea and as we use it in the problem we are getting more specific. Sciences: are like math we have a general theory and we apply it in a experiment or calculating which mean we are using inductive reasoning. But sciences else have a deduction reasoning because scientist are getting use to to do experiment they did not do before and they do not know what will happen if they did it and after trying several times they get a general idea which mean they used a deduction reasoning. Languages: if we are looking to a novels or fiction stories we can say that the writer have a general idea and he/she apply it into a story. For example: when I read the breadwinner last year in the english class the writer discuccing the poverty problem and she went to Pakistan to get ideas to write the story so that mean she had a general idea about poverty and specific one about poverty and war in Pakistan. That means in languages we can use the both type of reasoning because we don't have roles or a border that we can not go out or escape it. Art: is the place where there is nothing stopping you from doing what ever your imagination want to draw or to create, you can go with deduction reasoning or inductive reasoning. If the artist want to draw only lines that mean something to the artist that people can't understand it that mean the artist going from specific to general. But if the artist having an idea and he/she want to describe it for people that mean he/she is using inductive reasoning. Economics: has a lot of big ideas as Mr.Klatt always says and the economist are applying that ideas on the market economy, so that mean they are flowing the general idea to specific which is inductive. Economics is cool subject that you can think of it in hundreds ways and it is a bunch of ideas that it is really helpful to design the country on a clear way that lead people to go from general ideas to specific.

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Can you provide examples of where it might be problematic? That is, do you see any cases where induction, an event leads to a generalization, is correct or not correct? Are there cases where general rules applied to specific situations work or don't work? Make a table if you find that easier. =====

<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Language **
In this chart we can see there is different meaning for each word in the language. There is the individual meaning, universal and the meaning that group of people understand what dose it mean.



<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Activity: As a group, create a small skit showing how language might be problematic <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Students choose a list of problems that language poses in creating understanding and the audience must define what the problem is. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> A little Linguistic theory <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - Linguistic determinism - language determines the way we think. Example: Innu have many words for snow. “The real world is to a large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group.”(Sapir in Lagemaat, p. 68) Each language thus represents a different social reality; it is not merely a case of having different labels for the same reality. The words create a reality and defines our interpretation of it. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - Ricoeur on Discourse and Action: The discursive act - <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Some theories of language acquisition: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[] It is clear that language and communication is filled with symbols. Your example of the "crescent moon" showed there were many associations with the idea of a crescent moon. You found individual associations, group, and even universal associations. See the homework page for your assignment related to this idea. Consider in what ways the term you chose can be understood literally and what ways it can be understood figuratively. I ask you to consider which representation is more true? The literal meaning of the figurative meaning? In what ways does each one convey truth?

How would you rank the importance of language as a WOK? Is language inherently literal or is it figurative? TREES <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10 points: -It depends on the situation, whether a person is being serious or sarcastic -Confusion between literal and figurative can lead to misconceptions -Can be literal or figurative depending on how people would interpret it -People sometimes misunderstand what you say and take it literally -We use figurative to add humor -For figurative, we play with words -Literal is the way you describe what it is -Figurative is when you play with words by creating metaphors -Examples: -When you spill a bag of beans -When you tell someone the full details of a story -Someone's eyes (iris) are black -A person was punched in the face and has a black eye -The sky is blue on a Monday -A sad monday -A rabbit's foot -Can also mean luck
 * Spill the beans
 * Black eye
 * Blue Monday
 * Rabbit's foot

Is this idea clearly true, or false, or where between the two?

-True

What makes it so certain or uncertain? (or almost certainly true or false)

-Because people use both literal and figurative on a daily basis

How important is it? What makes it important? (important or not so important)

-There is a big difference between literal and figurative language. I think people should be able to differentiate the two, and use it on the right time. Like if your on an important meeting, you would use literal and not figurative because you are meant to be serious <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. Is language play? In what ways? Provide examples. PLUS SUNS -Language is the way we convey our perception, emotion and reason (P.E.R) to other people. -Individuals have their own language P.E.R. -“Hang on”, someone could wait or jump on you. -“I’m going to kill you!!”, the person saying it is either angry or a serial killer. -All words can be used as play or plain communication. -There is a difference between written and spoken. -Verbal language tends to be more playful while sign language is usually used as plain communication. Do all terms have distinct definitions? Do words denote something specific? Provide examples. Or, do they always have various connotations? 1 min skit Visual representation Bullet point list of your examples with points / observations
 * Do words represent images in our minds or some idea out there, or do they refer to real things? MOONS **

My group and I did a skit to represent our idea which is each word has a universal and individual meaning or idea. The skit was that there is a student who was sleeping and when the sun raise the mother said: the sun is up. And as the student heard that he wake up quickly and start preparing for school, but then his brother saw him and told him it is a weekend. So in this skit the idea of the word SUN was the school in the student mind.

Here is our chart that we used in the visual representation

I n this chart we choose the SUN as a word that has individual meaning and universal meaning, where the sun is a light in the individual meaning and the life and new day. In the individual meaning the SUN means son when they hear the sun and that will be an example for that language is different in speaking and writing. SUN means joy for some people, and for me it is represent my last name and my individual meaning for this word is my whole family (grandfather, grandmother, uncle,....etc) As a conclusion we said that most of words has individual and universal meaning.

Her are the 10 point which explaining our answer: - Most of the words can be imagined as pictures or ideas in most of people's minds, and then refer into real things. - Words that are about real things in life that we can touch, see, hear, taste or smell, are represented in our minds as images or pictures of the thing, though the pictures can be different, but they'll talk about one thing, as long as it's about one specific meaning of the word. - Most of the words that are imaginable refer to real things. eg.: when someone says there is a dog outside, then most of people will have the idea or the picture "Dog" in their minds, so this helps knowing the word and what does it refer to. - Words that are about feelings or things that are not touchable or visual are usually unimaginable as pictures, and even if they are, they may not refer to real things directly. eg.: the word "Life" doesn't refer for something real by saying it just like that, but it may make some individual mean or picture for some people. - Some people make images or ideas for different words, even if they're not real things, to help remember them or make them easier to understand, and that helps a lot building the brain and the memory, and helps making them stronger. - Usually, words have different images inside each one's mind, so they may have the same meaning or different meanings, depends of the way the person sees or understands the word. This is very similar to the Homonym, which means words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings. eg: the word "Heart", for some people it may be pictured as a human heart, others may imagine it as a love heart, and some may imagine it as the center of something. - Words that are universal sometimes have the same picture in our minds, so the whole word will have the same picture when they hear a word like that. eg.: the word "Nine" have a picture of the number nine for most of the people. Some words may have the same picture in specific situations. eg.: the word "Sun" will have the same picture of a sun, when talking about weather or a twilight or something. - Names that are unique, which means they're not similar to another word, are the words that have only one picture or very similar pictures in people minds, and this is for the situation when talking about a specific known person, and everyone knows that the topic is about him. eg.: "Ludacris" is a common words that will have the same picture for the same person in our mind, or similar pictures, which is the singer. - Words that are not imaginable are understood by experience and repetition, so people also may make picture which refer to the experiment or the action, and then relate it to the word, so this type also can refer to real things, but indirectly. - From the previous point above, we notice that the two types of words, words which can be imagined, and words which cannot, can refer to real things for most of us, but the difference is how does it refer, directly or indirectly. The idea of that each word has individual meaning and universal is true, because each person in the world will understand things in different way than other. We know that some words in the language exist in our life and we can touch, smell, see, hear or taste them, such as objects. eg: pen,school, fruit... etc. There are words exist in our life but we can use our senses to prove that they are here, we are using our feeling and emotion to apply them in our life. e.g: hope, love, hate......etc). Let's take the apple as a example, the universal meaning will be food. But if we come to figure out the individual meaning we will see that apple means company for technological things, apple may mean health for some people or it may means the gravity because when the apple fall on Newton's head he stated to think about the reason why the apple fall, then apple start to mean gravity for a lot of people. Most words in the language have two meaning individual and universal.  Each word has the two meaning individual and universal and universal meaning is when most of people around the world understand the meaning of that word, which mean there is a general meaning for that word. When individual meaning is when the word have special meaning for someone when its means something different to other person. Most of the words in the language have these two meaning and we can make sure by try any word. For example: glue it means the glue that we used to stick thing to other, but in individual meaning it may mean friendship. Knowing that each word has two meaning universal and individual help us to understand that there is different meaning around us for the word, that helps us to know that we don't know all the meaning for the word because they might be individual meaning which is only one or two person knowing that, or maybe there is group who have their own language and its own meaning. As the word start to be popular and a lot of people getting that word around the world the word become more universal than individual, such as sciences words or technology.
 * Identify a topic or situation. Is this idea clearly true, or false, or where between the two? **
 * What makes it so certain or uncertain? (or almost certainly true or false) **
 * How important is it? What makes it important? (important or not so important) **

Is language be personal/individual or is it part of a community? STARS


 * If you think about each word carefully, it is able to fit in to each category of meanings of words, which are Individual, Shared and Common.
 * For some words, there is a cultural meaning that comes up first before the individual meaning. For example, “Cinema” in Saudi, in this culture, it is considered wrong and so, for this reason, there are no cinemas in this country.
 * The inventing of words are individual at the beginning, but common when shared. For example, Shakespeare and Newspeak in 1984. Some of their words are in the dictionary and are used in everyday language.
 * Language is a strong aspect of WOK because it gives meaning to the words and how they are viewed differently.
 * Language has both advantage and disadvantage to globalization, for example, for example when people communicate, they have different views on how companies should be developed.



Our topic involves to be in between true and false. The main reason for those because we look at different subject words, like the ones in the venn diagram above and we noticed that if thought carefully we could fit each word into both individual and universal. For example, History, it is individual when written and read by others to think about, however universal when different opinions to what really happened in the past are interpreted. Another example is music, each song is interpreted differently however it is universal when generes are placed over them, like pop, electronic, classical, rock etc.. It is however not always certain, for example time is probably very universal cause no one can stop time from happening. It is important to understand this concept of words having both individual and universal meanings because without the understanding hasty generalizations can form. For example, an easy one can be taste, when you see one person disgusted from food people immediately say that you don't want to eat it cause ut tastes bad however they should try cause everyone is different when it comes to what they like and don't like. Is there a difference between the written word and speaking or dialogue? Provide examples. SATURN


 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Content makes a difference
 * 2) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> You can incorporate emotions into words
 * 3) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Words have different meanings (literal/figurative)
 * 4) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> The method of how words are expressed (Tone/Volume)
 * 5) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Fonts reflect different styles (bold, italics, small, big)
 * 6) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Spelling and Capitalization - (Thanks vs. Thnx) (march vs. March)
 * 7) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Different cultures may have different meanings to specific words

Does language change? How, when, and why? PINKIES How: - Formal --> Slang (eg. teacher --> friends) - Translation (eg. from one language to another) - Interpretation of definition within words (eg. i love you to a friend or to a some one special) - Time (eg. Chinese & Egyptian symbols) When: - Migration (eg. depending on where you live and what century Why: - Easy (efficient) - Cool (Part of your identity - Personal codes (eg. own language) - Changes according to stuff changing (possibly technology) - Influence (eg. from the people around you)